Research & publications

Where our method came from

Our approach to measurement is not a house style we invented. It comes out of published environmental research, carried out in Malaysia, on Malaysian sites. All of it is free to download here.

Why this is on our website

Anyone can say they measure properly.

Sampling design, characterisation, contamination indices and loss modelling are not things you pick up from a product brochure. They are things you learn by publishing work that other scientists are allowed to tear apart.

Munirah Hussein sits on our team and has done exactly that. Her published work covers landfill leachate, heavy metals in soils around landfill sites, and water losses across a state distribution network. Those are the same three problems our waste and water workstreams deal with every week.

We are putting the papers here because you should be able to check us. Read the methods. See how the sampling was designed and how the indices were built. That is the standard we hold our own baselines to.

Peer-reviewed publications

Three papers, free to download

No form, no email gate. If the work is useful to you, take it.

2021

Heavy metals in leachate, impacted soils and natural soils of different landfills in Malaysia: an alarming threat

Munirah Hussein, Kenichi Yoneda, Zuhaida Mohd-Zaki, Amnorzahira Amir, Nor’Azizi Othman
Chemosphere, Volume 267, Article 128874. Elsevier.

Compares heavy metal contamination in leachate and surface soils across sanitary and non-sanitary landfill sites, using geo-accumulation, pollution and integrated pollution indices to grade how far soil quality has declined.

PDF 3.7 MB

2019

Leachate characterisations and pollution indices of active and closed unlined landfills in Malaysia

Munirah Hussein, Kenichi Yoneda, Zuhaida Mohd Zaki, Nor’Azizi Othman, Amnorzahira Amir
Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, Volume 12, Article 100232. Elsevier.

Characterises raw leachate from active and closed unlined landfills, then quantifies contamination at each site using the Leachate Pollution Index and compares the result against discharge standards.

PDF 1.0 MB

2017

Effects of number of connections and pipe length on water losses in Melaka

Munirah Hussein, Kenichi Yoneda, Nor’Azizi Othman, Zuhaida Mohd Zaki, Mohamed Hilmi Mohd Yusof
Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering), Volume 79, Issue 3.

Models non-revenue water against pipe length and number of connections across a state distribution network, and shows which of the two drives loss in a dense urban area versus a spread-out one.

PDF 1.0 MB

Copies are provided for reference and study. Copyright remains with the respective publishers and authors. If you cite this work, please cite the journal version.

From paper to practice

What the research changes about how we work

Sampling is designed, not improvised

How long you measure, where you sample and how many times decides whether a baseline is defensible. We set that before fieldwork starts, and we write it down.

Contamination gets graded, not guessed

Waste is never clean. Knowing how much plastic and packaging sits in an organic stream decides which recovery route is realistic, and which one will fail in month three.

Losses are modelled

Water that leaves a network without being billed behaves in a pattern. The same thinking applies to a building: find where it goes before buying anything to fix it.

Put it to work

Same rigour, applied to your building.

If you want to know how we would design the measurement for your site, ask. We will walk you through it before you commit to anything.

Talk to us Meet the team